Huey Newton, Co-Founder of Black Panther Party

Huey Newton was an African American political activist who co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966. When Newton was convicted for the fatal shooting of a police officer, his imprisonment became a common cause among activists in the United States. The slogan Free Huey appeared on banners and buttons at protests across the country. He was later released after two re-trials resulted in hung juries. Fast Facts: Huey Newton Known For: Co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self DefenseBorn: February 17, 1942 in Monroe, LouisianaDied: August 23, 1989 in Oakland, CaliforniaEducation: Merritt College (A.A.), University of California at Santa Cruz (B.A., Ph.D.), Oakland City College (law classes, no degree), San Francisco Law School (law classes, no degree)Notable Quote: Political power comes through the barrel of a gun. Early Life and Education Huey P. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, on February 17, 1942. He was named after Huey P. Long, the former governor of Louisiana who became notorious as a radical populist in the early 1930s. In 1945, Newtons family moved to California, drawn by the job opportunities that arose in the Bay Area as a result of the wartime industrial boom. They struggled financially and moved around often throughout Newtons life. He completed high school—which he later described as an experience that nearly killed [his] urge to inquire—without being able to read (he later taught himself). After high school, he earned an A.A. degree from Merritt College and took law school classes at Oakland City College. Starting in his teen years and continuing through college, Newton was arrested for crimes like mostly petty crimes such as vandalism and burglary. In 1965, when he was 22 years old, Newton was arrested and convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and sentenced to six months in jail. Most of his sentence was served in solitary confinement. Founding the Black Panther Party During his time at Oakland City College, Newton joined the Afro-American Association, which inspired him to become politically and socially conscious. He later said that his Oakland public education had made him feel ashamed of being black, but that his shame began to transform into pride once he encountered black activists. He also began reading radical activist literature, including works by Che Guevara and Malcolm X. Newton soon realized that there were few organizations advocating for lower class African Americans in Oakland. In October 1966, he joined up with Bobby Seale to form a new group, which they called the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The organization was focused on fighting police brutality in Oakland and San Francisco. With Seale as chairman and Newton as minister of defense, the Black Panthers quickly assembled a membership and began patrolling Oakland neighborhoods. When police were spotted interacting with black citizens, the Panthers would approach and inform the civilians of their constitutional rights. Newton took part in such actions, sometimes while brandishing a law book. The organization adopted a uniform of black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses. This distinct uniform, as well as their prominent display of guns and bandoliers of shotgun shells, made the Black Panthers highly noticeable. By the spring of 1967, stories about Newton and the Black Panthers began appearing in major publications. Guns and Political Power The Black Panthers encouraged black citizens of Oakland to begin carrying firearms, citing their Constitutional right under the Second Amendment, and tensions between police and the Black Panthers continued to grow. An article published in the New York Times on May 3, 1967 described an incident in which Newton, Seale, and about 30 other Black Panthers strode into the California capitol in Sacramento with their weapons prominently displayed. The story was headlined Armed Negroes Protest Gun Bill. The Black Panthers had arrived in dramatic fashion to voice their opposition to a proposed law against carrying firearms. It seemed the law had been drafted specifically to curtail their activities. Weeks later, in another article in the New York Times, Newton was described as being surrounded by armed followers in an apartment in San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. Newton was quoted as saying, Political power comes through the barrel of a gun. Arrest and Conviction About a year after the Black Panthers first rose to prominence, Newton became entangled in a high-profile legal case. The case centered around the death of John Frey, who died after pulling over Huey Newton and a friend for a traffic stop. Newton was arrested at the scene. In September 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and received a sentence of two to 15 years in prison. Newtons incarceration became a major cause among young radicals and activists. Free Huey buttons and banners could be seen at protests and anti-war rallies nationwide, and rallies for Newtons release were held in numerous American cities. At the time, police actions against Black Panthers in other cities made headlines. In May 1970, Newton was granted a new trial. After two trials were held and both resulted in hung juries, the case was dropped and Newton was released. The specific events, as well as Newtons potential culpability, surrounding John Freys death remain uncertain. Later Life Following his release from prison in 1970, Newton resumed leadership of the Black Panthers and began studying at the University of California at Santa Cruz, where he earned a B.A. in 1974. After a period of relative quiet, Newton was charged with the murder of a teenage sex worker named Kathleen Smith. He was also arrested for assaulting his tailor. Newton fled to Cuba, where he lived in exile for three years. In 1977, Newton returned to California, asserting that the political climate in the United States had changed enough that he could receive a fair trial. After juries were deadlocked, Newton was acquitted of the murder of Kathleen Smith. He returned to the Black Panther organization, and also returned to college. In 1980, he received a Ph.D. from the University of California at Santa Cruz. He wrote a thesis about the repression of the Black Panthers. Death and Legacy In the 1980s, Newton grappled with drug addiction and alcohol abuse. He remained involved with neighborhood programs pioneered by the Black Panthers. However, in 1985, he was arrested for embezzling funds. He was later arrested on a weapons charge, and was also suspected of being involved in the drug trade. In the early hours of August 23, 1989, Newton was shot and killed on a street in Oakland, California. His killing was reported on the front page of the New York Times. Tyrone Robinson confessed to the murder, and it was concluded that the killing was connected to Newtons significant debt caused by his cocaine addiction. Today, Newtons legacy is one of leadership within the Black Panther Party, as well as his controversial convictions and allegations of violence. Sources Nagel, Rob. Newton, Huey 1942–1989. Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Barbara Carlisle Bigelow, vol. 2, Gale, 1992, pp. 177-180. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Huey P. Newton. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 11, Gale, 2004, pp. 367-369. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Spencer, Robyn. Newton, Huey P. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 1649-1651. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Associated Press. Huey Newton Killed; Was a Co-Founder Of Black Panthers. New York Times, 23 August 1989, p. A1.Buursma, Bruce. Newton Slain In Drug Dispute, Police Say. Chicago Tribune, 27 August 1989.

A Case Commentary The Coffee Act 1942 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1669 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? CASE COMMENTARY Contents FACTS OF THE CASE.2 ISSUES FRAMED BY THE COURT3 ISSUES OVERLOOKED BY THE COURT.4 DECISION OF THE COURT 5 REASONS FOR THE DECISION..6 ANALYSIS OF THE COURT DECISION.8 Facts Of The Case This is a case before the Supreme Court where the appellant, Coffee Board had filed an appeal against the decision of the High Court. The appellant had bring in question section 25(i) of the Coffee Act, 1942. This section provides for single channel for sale of coffee grown in the registered estates[i] . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Commentary: The Coffee Act 1942" essay for you Create order Thus as per the act, there is an obligation on the coffee growers to deliver all its produce, except internal sale quota, to the coffee board. Similarly, the board is under compulsion to purchase the coffee. The board contends that according to provision of the Coffee Act, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mandatory deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of coffee do not constitute a sale transaction between the board and the coffee growers and thus they are liable to any purchase tax. The appellant had further put up the argument that they are acting as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"trusteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the coffee growers and thus responsible to pay tax. Also, that they were immune under art. 286 of the constitution because all the sales were in the nature of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"export salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. On the other side, the respondent herein-the Commissioner of Commercial Taxes had invoked section 6 of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 1957 and claimed that according to thi s provision the board is under a liability to pay tax. The respondent are of the opinion that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"compulsory deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of coffee according to section 25(i) of the Coffee Act is an act of sale and purchase only and thus it makes them liable to pay tax under relevant sales tax laws for any such transaction. Therefore in this case scope and extent of the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and its applicability for determining the rights, responsibility and duties of the appellant is in dispute. Issues Framed By the Court Whether compulsory delivery of coffee to the appellant as per section 25(i) Coffee Act of 1942 is in the nature of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"purchaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ agreement? Whether the tax levied on the coffee board under section 6 of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act valid? Is the Coffee board only a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"trusteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of growers and thus not liable to pay tax? Were all the salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the course of exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and thus immune to tax under Article 286 of the constitution? Issues Overlooked By The Court Determination of the liabilities inter-se between the petitioners and the Coffee Board for the amount of sales tax payable. Decision Of The Court It was held by the Division Bench of Karnataka that compulsory delivery of coffee by the board constitute a component of consent and thus there is an agreement of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"purchaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between the board and the coffee growers according to Sales of Goods Act. Since there is element of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"purchaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the board is not free from tax liabilities under relevant tax laws. When once the Board was held to be a dealer it also followed from the same that there was sale by the grower, purchase by the Board and then a sale by the Board[ii]. Also, it was held by the High Court that any sales thereafter were not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in the course of exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or local sales within the State of Karnataka but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"for exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Thus the appellant cannot attract article 286 for exemption of tax liability. I n Supreme Court the decision of the High Court was upheld and imposition of tax on the appellant was correct. It was also held that Coffee board do not act as a trustee and is neither an agent of the growers. Thus the appeal of the Coffee board had was dismissed and there was no order as to the cost. Reasons For The Decision Of The Court The decision of the Supreme Court in this case was guided by various statutes and precedent and also the decision of the High Court. The High Court based its judgment on the opinion that since an element of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"consentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ exists in the compulsory sales, though negligible and by way of either expressed or implied then that would be regarded as a sale or purchase transaction. For the same it would be also covered under the purview of relevant tax laws. The court took into consideration various provision of the Sales of Goods Act 1979 and held that according to Section 3 of the act, there does exists an element of consensus in the compulsory sales regulated by the Act. It was also observed by the act that the price paid by the growers to the board was an essential component in determining that the nature of the transaction involved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under Section 4(1) of the Sales of Goods Act. Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision that compulsory delivery of Coffee does involve a sale agreement was further based after considering all the elements of sale which are as follow : Parties competent to contract, mutual consent-though minimal, by growing coffee under the conditions imposed by the Act, transfer of property in the goods and Payment of price though deferred,-. The court was of the opinion that since all elements of sale are present in the transaction in question it in an agreement of sale. The principle applied in the case of Vishnu Agencies[iii] was also referred to in this case which was that consent to a contact can either be expressed or implied. Also, interpretation of various section of the Coffee Board Act 1942 , for instance Coffee growers had an option to enter into coffee growing trade, boards right to reject the coffee so delivered, no fix time for delivery of the coffee, indicates that consent was not totally absent. Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision that compulsory delivery of coffee constitute an agreement of sale was further substantiated by the minority opinion of J.Hidayatullah in the case of New Sugar Mills v. Commissioner of Sales Tax[iv] which states that so long the parties agrees to trade and fixes the price for such a contract it is a contract of sale and thus imposition of tax is valid. Considering the secon d issue of imposition of tax, the judgement of the court was based on the rational that since there is a sale, obligation to pay related tax is valid. The levy of sales tax on coffee, it was held by the High Court fell under Entry No. 43 of the second schedule of the Act and it was governed by section 5(3)(a) of the Act[v]. According to section 5 of the Central Sales Tax,1956 Coffee Board does not qualify to be exempted under Article 286 of the constitution as the exports made are not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in the course of exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“for exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The export is not in the nature of local sales and thus cannot avoid liability. Moreover, Coffee board was declared not be an agent of the board neither a trustee since there was no trust created in the scheme of the act instead compulsory acquisition of coffee by board was a statutory duty on the board. . Analysis Of The Decision Of The Court The decision given by Justice S. Mukherjee w as derived at after taking into consideration every minute detail of the case, giving rational reasons and also relying on precedent cases sharing the same subject matter. In order to arrive at the above stated decision, the court had examined the meaning, nature and applicability of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in reference to general law, that is, Sales of Goods Act, 1930. Also, various other definition and explanation of the term sale had been being referred to. The decision of the court had been acceptable by right interpretation and application of the relating laws. The ratio of the case that there is no à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"compulsory acquisitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by the board but involves a contract of sale is justified on the grounds that there exists an element of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"consentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which is one of the most important criteria for determining any contract. The principle that mere regulation or control by a statutory body do not change the essen tial character of a contract and makes it binding on both the parties had been correctly applied. Since the board is there only for administrative purpose and proper implementation of the coffee act, for the betterment of coffee industry there also needs to be safeguard from escaping tax liabilities. The court after proper examination and study of few of the earlier cases based on somewhat similar grounds had either rejected or taken into consideration such cases. Also, since there was no ambiguity in relation to the concerned laws applicable in the case, the decision given by High Court and Supreme Court did not vary. Thus the case was decided in a right and justified manner. Departure From Earlier Precedent There exists cases which are based on similar grounds but the judgement given in those cases differ from the case in discussion. In the case of Indian Coffee Board v. State of Madras[vi] it was held that there was no contract either expressed or implied between the board and the coffee grower. In another case of State of Kerala v. Bhavani Tea produce Co[vii] it was held that though delivery of coffee by the growers to the board was sale but such a transaction was not taxable. In Consolidated Coffee ltd and Anr. V. Coffee Board, Bangalore[viii], Sale of coffee at export auction was exempted from sales tax under section 5(3) of the Central Sales Tax Act. Thus it this decision is a departure from judgment of the present case. 1 | Page [i] Coffee Board v. Commr of Commercial Taxes, Karnataka AIR 1988 SC 1487. [ii] ibid [iii] Vishnu Agencies (Pvt.) Ltd. etc. v. Commercial Tax officer and others etc., [1978] 2 S.C.R. 433 [iv] New India Sugar Mills v. Commissioner of Sales Tax, Bihar, 1963 AIR 1207 [v] Supra note 2 [vi] Indian Coffee Board v. State of Madras, 5 S.T.C. 292 [vii] State of Kerala v. Bhavani Tea Produce Co., [1966] 2 S.C.R.92 [viii] Consolidated Coffee Ltd. Anr. etc. v. Coffee Board, Bangalore, etc. etc., [1980] 3 SCR 625;

Gender Roles in Movies Essay - 2487 Words

Gender Roles in Contemporary Film and Music The representations of women in film. In contemporary film womens roles in films have varied quiet considerably between genres, geographical placement, and between period settings. These factors contribute to the different representations of womens roles in the film they are present in. These roles are diverse going from the traditional maternal role to that of manipulative murderer. In contemporary media these roles are given higher status, in the pass the highest a female role could be at most was a side-kick or a co-star, they were given the title leading lady if they were at there best and yet they would always be second best. However, in present times in more†¦show more content†¦This is in complete contrast to that which is portrayed of the male figure in the films of contemporary times and even in the early years of the film business and yet in comparison to today there is a great variation to the representations. They have moved on a lot in comparison to the older films and yet in contemporary films it is not as noticeable as we live in a more liberated time for women yet the film business still is pre-dated in comparison to the position of women within the maintenance of society as this is not a representation of the social realism of the times we are presently in. This is noticed when we compare it with the male representations the in especially of contemporary times. The representations of men in films. In contemporary film the mens roles in the films have been quiet constant in their representation of the male gender in the films by which they are depicted. Just like in past films the male roles have usually been in the lead thus the representation of the men are that of their leadership qualitiesShow MoreRelatedGender Roles : Kids And Young Adults Animated Shows Movies Essay2379 Words   |  10 PagesGender Role in Kids Young Adults’ Animated Shows Movies. 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Most ofRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women1512 Words   |  7 Pages1.a Gender roles are how a society believes a man or women should act based on their gender. Each society has its own gender roles, where a man might be expected to do something in one society a woman might be expected to do it in another one. An example of gender roles affecting women is that women are expected to take care of the housework and so they do chores around the house even if they have a job. Men are expected to be the breadwinner and support his family financially. Men are not expectedRead MoreToday s Society Has Changed Over The Past Decades1628 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Our culture has drastically changed over the past decades. Society has become more welcoming to different races, religion, sexualities, and many more over time. One social issue that our society has been improving on over time are the roles of different genders. 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Bartleby the Scrivener A Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville free essay sample

This paper analyzes the writing style of Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street This paper details the writing style of a paragraph within Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street. It focuses on how the author uses a certain style to bring out character traits, storyline, and tone. It further examines how an author can use a dull character to tell an interesting story. From the paper: Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street, is perhaps one of the earliest and most potent satires of American corporate culture in the American literary canon. It tells the story of a scrivener. A scrivener is a law-copyist. This particular copyist named Bartleby infuriates his superiors by his refusal to work. Such a refusal is not only anathema to them, it confounds them. They attempt to fire him, but Bartleby refuses to leave his office. It is through his refusal to work, and to give no coherent reason for doing so other than he would prefer not to, that the entire system is shaken. We will write a custom essay sample on Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper analyzes a paragraph of the short story and illustrates how the paragraphs language, its literary devices, and its tone expose the short storys central themes.